Stopwatch Timebase

The type of time base used is usually important to name the type of watch. The most common are:
Network pattern. No reference oscillator and used in the 50 Hz (or 60 Hz) network. It is the simplest, but it is quite accurate in the medium term, as the changes in grid frequency are compensated throughout the day. It has two major drawbacks:
You need a "clean" signal, which is usually to filter before applying to the counters.
Need network, which does not allow portable use also frenta to online stopwatch a power outage, the time lost. There are models that include an oscillator and batteries, so the oscillator and counters still work during cutting, so no time is lost.
Issuer pattern. The time base is to be any type of PLL, coupled with one of the stations time. They put in hours alone and change to winter time or summer autonomously. Its drawback is that it requires the time signal, so that even at "dark" no major advantages.
Watch fingerboard. The oscillator is controlled by a tuning fork inserted in the feedback loop. It has fallen into disuse, but at the time were high end, and Bulova, eg pitch available wrist watches.

Quartz clock. Fingerboard replaced by a quartz oscillator, usually at 32768 Hz, being exact power of two, which simplifies the frequency divider. For stability and economy has displaced all other clock in typical applications.
Atomic Clock (Ammonia, cesium, etc) is to include in the feedback loop with a cavity suitable molecules of the substance, so that excite the resonance of one of its atoms.
The mechanical timepiece is based on a pushbutton which may be 1 Hz or submultiple. Usually this switch was a mechanical escapement mechanism in which the energy stored in a spring was released steadily and slowly. The sound of the clock ticking corresponds to the exhaust system that is responsible for generating the time base clock and provides the second movement, both the minute as the hours are driven by gear trains that transform the relationship of the second in 1/60 for the minute and this 1/60 for schedule (see image).
A digital clock consists of an oscillator, which usually means quartz frequency divider, a similarity of gear trains, signals generated 1 Hz, 1/60 Hz and 1/3600 Hz for the seconds and minutes and hours respectively . In this case the different electrical pulses pass cascade 3 counters on the screen correspond to the seconds, minutes and hours respectively. These counters are coupled to allow the necessary sequence of counting and signaling between an accountant and another, namely 0 to 59 for seconds and minutes and 0-24 or 1-12 for hours, according to the particular design or configuration in models that allow both.

Operation of stopwatch clock

Mechanical watch
Lack mechanical of stopwatches in most cases the electronic component; such watches have a mechanical system typically made of metal, wherein the required driving force for starting the machinery is provided by a spring drive or by means of weights connected by chains or cables.
In popular culture it is common to refer to the loading dock and winding drive, however this term is wrong, and only applies to clocks weights where literally it wound to a cylinder inside the clock for that Deseño thereby continue the weight of the life-giving to the clock spring within a drive, is a band of hardened steel or tape which, when rolled, torque generated by the clock used to move the mechanism, either is run or chime, through a gear train reduces the speed and increases the strength, finishing in a special way sprocket called escapement wheel, which connects with a piece called Ancora, this piece is the responsible for converting the rotary motion of the gears in a left to right movement is transmitted to a wheel or a pendulum to provide enough energy to rock, is the contact between the two parts and Ancora escape wheel which produces the famous ticking.

Usually the number of gears that has a mechanical watch is a direct result of the estimated time that the spring or the weight provides enough energy to run, so if a mechanical watch, such as a clock, is built to store 24 hours of gear, the number of wheels is typically five, spring from the gear wheel until the exhaust, on the other hand, if it is a wall clock, wherein the power reserve is designed to last 192 hours (eight days ), then add an extra wheel just after the driving spring to thereby increase the speed of the escapement mechanism in relation to the rotational speed of the drive spring, even in these cases require more powerful spring to compensate for the loss force caused by the increase in the ratio of the gears, and finally, the time is always displayed in analog format, using hands, using the rotation of the internal gear, wheel usually watches the first for one day, and the second wheel for 8 days, to convert the motion of the gear train is controlled by the exhaust system, in comprehensible indications for persons who perform the reading of the time by noting the position of hands against a time scale fixed on the clock face.
Significantly, in that the mechanical watch timer, unlike the schedule, does not have a separate gear train for setting the relationship hour mark, it is fixed to the wheel that usually connects with the drive spring, said wheel has about an axis that goes in front of the machine, and that is indeed the axis, known as "gun", which connects the minute, so this wheel rotates once every 60 minutes exactly, makes a reduction schedule speed, using a small gear train located in the front of the clock right between the timer and schedule, their relationship would then be 1/60, this mechanism is also found in all electronic watches with analog readout.

History of stopwatch clocks

The ancients knew several species of watches. Vitruvius speaks of the water clock or clepsydra, the air, the sun and other species that are unknown.
The Egyptians measured with the water clock movements medium Sun Also worth the illustrious astronomer for observations. Water clocks and sundials were invented in Egypt in the time of the Ptolemies, the hourglasses were later perfected by Scipio Nasica or as others Ctesibius (disciple of Roman orators them measured the length of his speeches.)
It is believed that the great weight and wheel clocks were invented in the West by the Benedictine monk Gerbert (Pope, under the name of Sylvester II, the end of the tenth century) although with some previously known at the Empire bizantino.1 According to other sources, the first watch that speaks of history built on principles of mechanics is that of Richard Wasigford, abbot of St. Albans, who lived in England in 1326, but apparently the invention of Gerbert (afterwards Sylvester II) was not more than a sundial. The second is that he built in Santiago Dondis to Padua in 1344 and which was seen as referring the course of the sun and planets. The third was the one on the Louvre in Paris, brought from Germany sent by King Charles V of Francia.2 The direct ancestor of these instruments may be complex Antikythera mechanism, dated between 150 and 100 a. C.1

Universal time clock, invented by Carlos Alban.
In Spain, the oldest news of the installation of a clock tower dates from 1378, when a document is included in the terms established by the chapter of the cathedral of Valencia and Juan Alemany, master clocks from Germany, for a large sphere clock to locate on the old campanario.3 Within mechanical watches considered the oldest in the country is located the clock "seny de les Hores" that was installed in the cathedral of Barcelona in 1393, the steeple of the church San Miguel de la Villa de Cuéllar (Segovia) that was arranged in the year 13 954 5 and finally another Seville Cathedral in 1396, whose inauguration took place on July 22, 1400 in the presence of King Henry III of Castilla.6
The first pocket watches imagined building was Pedro Bell Nuremberg; appearance earned them the name "Nuremberg eggs." In 1647, Christiaan Huygens applied to tower clocks or wall pendulum, whose discovery is due to Galileo. The same applied physicist in 1665 the spiral spring pocket watches. In 1647, the Genevan Gruet, residing in London, applied to the chain steel watch for transmitting the movement of the drum to the cone, replacing the vihuela strings used before. Two years later he invented repeating watches.

There are a variety of different types of clocks. Currently personal timepieces are mostly mechanical and electronic, either analogue or digital, a small battery powered electrical impulses through the needles rotated (analog clocks) or dial numbers (digital watches).

There are plenty of mechanical watches for personal use (wrist or pocket) or general (clocks and anteroom). Mechanical watches are estimated and valued more than electronic despite their lower accuracy and higher price, as they are considered by experts as mechanical art.
Today there are a lot of watch companies, manufacturers of mechanical watches, both personal and fixed, countries like Germany, Switzerland, Japan, China, United Kingdom, United States and Russia, home to major companies in the sector. In the analog format exists a fixed scale and two needles that rotate at a constant speed, the shorter and wider needle indicates the hours, and it takes  online timer and twelve hours to complete a full turn, the long, thin needle, the minute hand indicates the minutes and takes an hour to complete a lap around the clock. There may be a third wire in the same axis or with a different axis pointing the seconds and takes a minute to make a complete circuit.
In digital watches, there are two groups of two digits each, separated by a colon (:), the first two indicate the time in 24-hour format of 0-23 or 12-hour format of 1-12 and the second group of digits indicating the minutes over a range of 0 to 59, in some cases there may be a third group of two digits indicating the second in a range of 0 to 59 seconds.